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Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, June 2008, p. 1003-1011, Vol. 15, No. 6
1071-412X/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CVI.00409-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Serological Survey for Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus in Wildlife in Eastern Africa and Estimation of Test Parameters of a Nonstructural Protein Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Buffalo

B. M. D. C. Bronsvoort,¹ S. Parida,^2* I. Handel,¹ S. McFarland,¹ L. Fleming,² P. Hamblin,² and R. Kock^3,

University of Edinburgh, Centre for Tropical Veterinary Medicine, The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Veterinary Centre, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom,¹ Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom,² Pan African Programme for the Control of Epizootics, P.O. Box 30786, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya³

Received 5 October 2007/ Returned for modification 30 October 2007/ Accepted 5 March 2008

In this study we estimate the seroprevalence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in wildlife from eastern and central Africa. Sera were sourced from between 1994 and 2002 from a rinderpest surveillance program. Our study compared a nonstructural protein enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Cedi test) with a virus neutralization test. The study shows that there is only a low seroprevalence of FMDV in sampled nonbuffalo species. The seroprevalence in the Cape buffalo was high for SAT2, lower for SAT1, and lowest for SAT3. As the SAT2 serotype was most prevalent, the Cedi test largely reflected the occurrence of SAT2-positive animals. The results also suggest that SAT2 became dominant around 1998, with a large increase in seroprevalence. The sensitivity and specificity of the Cedi test were estimated by comparison to the combined virus neutralization test results from all three SAT tests. A Bayesian implementation of the Hui-Walter latent class model was used to estimate the test parameters. The model permits estimation in the absence of a gold standard test. The final model, using noninformative priors and assuming conditional independence of test performance, estimated Cedi test sensitivity at 87.7% and specificity at 87.3%. These estimates are similar to those for domestic bovines; they suggest that the Cedi test is a useful tool for screening buffalo for infection with the various serotypes of FMDV.

Published ahead of print on 2 April 2008.

Present address: Conservation Programmes, Zoological Society of London, London NW1 4RY, United Kingdom.