This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Formento, J. L. Articles by Milano, G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Formento, J. L. Articles by Milano, G.

 Previous Article  |  Next Article 

Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, May 2005, p. 660-664, Vol. 12, No. 5
1071-412X/05/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/CDLI.12.5.660-664.2005
Copyright © 2005, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Pharmacological Studies Targeting Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1

Oncopharmacology Unit of the Centre Antoine Lacassagne,¹ Institute of Signaling, Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, CNRS UMR 6543,² Medical School, Nice, France,³ University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece⁴

Received 2 December 2004/ Returned for modification 3 January 2005/ Accepted 23 February 2005

	ABSTRACT

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates the transcription of a wide range of genes related to oxygen delivery and metabolic adaptation under hypoxic (low-oxygen) conditions. HIF-1 is, in fact, a heterodimer of two subunits, HIF-1 and HIF-1ß. The only analytical methods available for measuring HIF-1 levels in tumors are immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry has the advantage of allowing the identification and direct examination of HIF-1-expressing cells, but has the intrinsic limitation, as for Western blotting, of being nonquantitative. We developed and validated an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) approach to measure HIF-1 levels in cultured tumor cell lines in vitro. HIF-1 was expressed in thirteen tumor cell lines grown under hypoxic conditions; however, the levels differed strongly between cell lines. These data point to intrinsic differences between cell lines for the induction of HIF-1 under hypoxic conditions. The ELISA developed in the present study is thus an interesting alternative to other analytical methods used to measure HIF-1 protein levels and should be useful in preclinical pharmacological studies targeting HIF-1.

	INTRODUCTION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) activates the transcription of a wide range of genes related to oxygen delivery (erythropoietin and vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and metabolic adaptation (glycolytic enzymes and glucose transporters) under hypoxic conditions (12). HIF-1-regulated gene products play key roles in tumor progression and aggressiveness and may contribute to the increased resistance of hypoxic tumor cells to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

HIF-1 is a heterodimer of two subunits, HIF-1 and HIF-1ß (23). While HIF-1ß is a common subunit of multiple basic helix-loop-helix PAS (PER, ARNT, and SIM) proteins, the HIF-1 subunit controls HIF-1 activity (18). Recently, Quintero and coworkers studied the expression of HIF-1 by immunohistochemistry and showed overexpression in several cancerous tissues such as breast, stomach, cervix, endometrium, and ovary compared with the respective normal tissues (16). In addition, this overexpression was associated with increased mortality. Interestingly, Du and coworkers showed an increasing gradient of HIF-1 expression between normal, benign and malignant prostate tissue (6). Moreover, HIF-1 overexpression is associated with increased proliferation (4), indicating that HIF-1 might play a role in progression of human cancers. Other studies confirmed the predictive and prognostic value of HIF-1 overexpression in breast cancer (4) and following radiotherapy (1) and indicate that patients with advanced disease might profit from future therapies targeting HIF-1.

The only available analytical methods for measuring HIF-1 levels in tumors are immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The former has the advantage of allowing the identification and direct examination of cells which express HIF-1 but has the intrinsic limitation of being nonquantitative. Nonquantitative Western blotting analysis is the sole technique which can be used in such conditions. Experimental studies into HIF-1 are currently expanding (13), and targeted therapies directed specifically to HIF-1 are being developed (19, 25). There is thus a need, in preclinical pharmacological studies, to measure more precisely the level of HIF-1 expression as a function of the dose and/or time of antiangiogenic treatments in tumor cells. In this context, it was judged relevant to develop a quantitative enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to measure HIF-1 levels in tumor cell lines in vitro. This was the purpose of the study reported in the present paper.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Main reagents. Full-length glutathione S-transferase (GST)-HIF-1 fusion protein was provided by George Simos (Larissa, Greece).

Antibodies. Monoclonal anti-HIF-1 antibody (clone H1 67) was from NOVUS BIOLOGICALS (ABCAM Cambridge G-B). This antibody was raised against a GST fusion protein containing amino acids 432 to 528 of human HIF-1.

Monoclonal anti-HIF-1 Ab-1 (clone OZ12) antibody without bovine serum albumin was from Neo Markers, Inc. (MICROM, Francheville, France).

Monoclonal anti-HIF-1 Ab-2 (clone OZ15) antibody without bovine serum albumin was from Neo Markers, Inc. (MICROM, Francheville, France).

These two antibodies were raised against amino acids 530 to 826 of the human HIF-1 protein. The epitopes of the Neo Markers Ab-1 and Ab-2 are different. The amino acid sequence of the region concerned is different from that of the others members of the HIF family (HIF-2 and HIF-3).

Polyclonal anti-HIF-1 antibody was produced in the rabbit against the last 20 amino acids of the C-terminal end of human HIF-1 (17). (Under hypoxic conditions, no HIF-1 protein was detected following transfection with siRNA against HIF-1 in HeLa cells).

Polyclonal anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G (heavy and light chain) horseradish peroxidase antibody was from PROMEGA (Charbonnières, France).

Other reagents. Immulon 2 96-well plates for ELISA were from DYNATECH (POLYLABO, France). O-Phenylenediamine (OPD), white crystals, was from SIGMA (France). Protease inhibitor cocktail (a mixture of water-soluble protease inhibitors with broad specificity for the inhibition of serine, cysteine, aspartic, and metallo-proteases) and phosphatase inhibitor cocktail (a mixture of inhibitors that will inhibit acid and alkaline phosphatase as well as tyrosine protein phosphatases) were from SIGMA (France).

Cells in culture. Several tumor cell lines were previously developed and characterized in our Institute (CAL27, CAL33, CAL60, CAL165, and CAL166 of head and neck origin). The MCF7 cell line of breast origin was provided by Pr H. Rochefort (Montpellier, INSERM U 540). LOVO, and two p53-mutated cell lines derived from the LOVO cell line: LOVO X2 and LOVO X17 of colonic origin were provided by M.-F. Poupon (Institut Curie, Paris, France). The HeLa cell line of cervical origin was provided by J. Pouysségur. Hep-2 and Detroit 562 cell lines of head and neck origin and HT29 of colonic origin were purchased from the American Type Culture Collection.

Cell culture and hypoxic conditions. Thirteen human tumor cell lines of different origins were investigated in order to evaluate their HIF-1 levels in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Cells were grown in 10-cm diameter dishes in a humidified incubator (SANYO, Japan) at 37°C in an atmosphere containing 21% oxygen and 5% CO₂ (normoxic conditions). Cells were routinely cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 50 000 U/l penicillin and 80 µM streptomycin. Subconfluent cells were incubated under hypoxic conditions (1.2% oxygen and 5% CO₂) as follows: one dish of each cell line was incubated for up to 4 h in a sealed "Bug-Box" anaerobic workstation (Ruskin Technologies, Jouan, France). In parallel one dish of each cell line was incubated under normoxic conditions.

Preparation of cell extracts. The different cell lines, cultured in 10-cm diameter dishes ( 8 x 10⁶) and incubated in normoxia or hypoxia, were lysed on ice with 300 µl of cold lysis buffer 50 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 containing 1% Triton X-100, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM EDTA, 40 mM ß-glycerophosphate, 50 mM NaF, 10% protease inhibitor cocktail and a 10% phosphatase inhibitor cocktail. Lysates were transferred to Eppendorf tubes, incubated for 15 min at 4°C and centrifuged for 15 min at 17,000 x g at 4°C. The supernatant was collected, a fraction was taken to determine the protein concentration (Bradford method), rapidly frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at –80°C for later use.

Western blotting. HeLa cells incubated under the same hypoxic conditions as described in 2.3, were lysed in SDS sample buffer. The protein concentration was determined using the Lowry assay and 50 ng of whole-cell extracts were resolved by sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) (7.5% for HIF-1 detection) and electrophoretically transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (Millipore). Immunoreactive bands were visualized with the ECL system (Amersham Biosciences).

General ELISA principles. The HIF-1 assay is a solid-phase enzyme immunoassay ("sandwich" ELISA). Wells of 96-well plates were coated with a monoclonal anti-HIF-1 antibody. Three different monoclonal antibodies were compared (from NOVUS and Neo Markers, Inc., see above). Wells were washed with PBS-Tween 20 (0.1%) and 100 µl of cell extract added [5 to 200 µg of total cell protein from tumor cell lines diluted in an assay solution (100 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.2, 0.12% Triton X-100, 1% skimmed milk)]. The HIF-1 protein present in cell extracts binds to the monoclonal antibodies coated on the wells during the indicated incubation period. Unbound material is removed by washing the plates with PBS-Tween 20 (0.1%). A polyclonal anti-HIF-1 was then added to the wells. Unbound material was removed by washing the plates and an anti-rabbit IgG horseradish peroxidase-conjugated antibody was then added. After further washing, OPD (horseradish peroxidase substrate: 30 mg OPD in 10 ml of citrate-phosphate buffer pH 5.5, 0.02% H₂O₂) was added and incubated for 30 min in the dark. The enzymatic reaction was stopped by addition of sulfuric acid 2N and the intensity of the resulting color was read at 492 nm using a Labsystems spectrophotometer.

Antibodies. All experiments were performed in 96-well ELISA plates. Wells were coated overnight, at room temperature, using the different monoclonal antibodies alone or in combination at different concentrations ranging from 0.5 to 1 µg/well.

The polyclonal antibodies were diluted in the assay solution. Tests were performed with several dilutions of the polyclonal anti-HIF-1 ranging from 1/1000 to 1/10000 and dilutions of the polyclonal anti-rabbit IgG-horseradish peroxidase ranging from 1/2500 to 1/50 000. To minimize cross-reaction with monoclonal antibodies, 10% of mouse serum was added in the solution with the latter antibody.

Measurement of the HIF-1 protein level. SDS-PAGE and silver staining of the GST-HIF-1 protein and bovine serum albumin, as standard, showed at 20 µg of the GST protein corresponds to 1 µg of bovine serum albumin. Comparison, by Western blot analysis, of the GST-HIF-1 protein and a protein extract obtained from HeLa cells cultured under hypoxic conditions (1.2% O₂) for four hours, showed that 50 µg of the cellular protein extract corresponded to 0.5 µg of GST-HIF-1 and thus the latter, contains approximately 35 ng of native HIF-1 protein. The results of the ELISA assay performed on 50 µg of the same protein extract allowed us to conclude that 1 ng of HIF-1 corresponded to a specific optical density (OD) of 0.030.

The specific OD was calculated by subtracting the background OD (0.120) from the values directly obtained from the spectrophotometer. All results were expressed as ng of HIF-1 protein.

Cell extracts were prepared under the above indicated conditions; preparations were immediately aliquoted, frozen and stored at –80°C. Aliquots of these controls were used in each series of analysis as an internal standard for the assay.

	RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 
Assay optimization. The assay was optimized to obtain the highest specific OD. Optimal coating was obtained by incubating overnight, at room temperature, with an equimolar mixture of the two anti-HIF-1 monoclonal antibodies from Neo Markers, Inc.. (clones OZ12 and OZ15) at a final concentration of 0.5 µg/100 µl/well. Wells were washed and placed for 1 h in the presence of the assay solution. After further washing with phosphate-buffered saline-Tween 20 (0.1%), the plates were ready for immediate use. The antigen was the native HIF-1 protein extracted from cell lines as described in the methods section. The optimal signal was obtained with an incubation volume of 100 µl. The highest signal were obtained with overnight incubation at 4°C. Under these conditions the OD was linear up to 50 µg of total protein/well (Fig. 1). This assay concentration was chosen for all subsequent experiments.

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Determination of the amount of HIF-1 present in an extract of HeLa cells incubated under hypoxic condition for two hours. Extracts containing 0 to 200 µg protein were tested (bars show the standard deviation of triplicates).

Assay characteristics. A typical curve obtained for serial dilutions, with the incubation buffer, of the HIF-1 protein from hypoxic control cells is shown in Fig. 1. The graph depicts a classical ELISA curve with a linear phase up to 50 µg of proteins followed by a saturation phase from 50 to 200 µg of protein.

The assay thus represents a valuable alternative to immunoblotting for more precise quantitative analysis of HIF-1 expression in experiments performed under O₂-regulated conditions.

HIF-1 in extracts of the LOVO cell line, incubated in hypoxia (1.2% O₂, 5% CO₂, for 4 h) was diluted with progressively increasing quantities of a cell extract of the same cell line incubated in normoxia. The total amount of protein per well was kept constant at 50 µg. A plot of the amount of HIF-1 protein versus dilution of a hypoxic cell extract is shown in Fig. 2. This figure shows a good linear regression (r² = 0.974) indicating that the measured specific OD is directly linked to the amount of HIF-1 protein present in the incubation medium.

View larger version (12K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Determination of the amount of HIF-1 in a cell extract of the LOVO cell line cultured in hypoxia after serial dilution with a cell extract of the same cell line cultured in normoxia (bars show the standard deviation of triplicates, r2 value from linear regression analysis).

Taking into account the different batches of the anti-HIF-1 monoclonal antibodies from Neo Markers, Inc. (n = 4) and cellular extracts from different preparations of hypoxic HeLa cells (n = 5), the overall interassay variability (50 µg of total protein extract) was 30.1% (n = 20 aliquots of a hypoxic preparation of HeLa cells, mean = 29.3 ± 8.8 ng).

The threshold of sensitivity of this method defined as twofold the background of the assay was 4 ng. HeLa cells were incubated in standard hypoxic conditions for different times up to four hours and HIF-1 protein was detected by ELISA at each incubation time. The plot of HIF-1 protein obtained as a function of the time of incubation is given in Fig. 3. It shows that HIF-1 levels are directly linked to the incubation time in hypoxia. The amount of HIF-1 in HeLa cells was further examined after four hours in hypoxia followed by a return to normoxia at two different temperatures (37°C and 4°C) for the indicated times. As shown in Fig. 4, at 37°C, the HIF-1 level decreased regularly and was no longer measurable after 40 min. In contrast, no significant modification in HIF-1 levels was observed at 4°C. These data indicate that the ELISA test is able to detect modifications in the amount of HIF-1 protein when regulated by environmental changes in oxygen.

View larger version (8K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. HIF-1 protein levels in HeLa cells incubated for different times in hypoxia (bars show the standard deviation of triplicates).

View larger version (10K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 4. Influence of temperature (4°C and 37°C) on the degradation of the HIF-1 protein after return to normoxia of HeLa cells pre incubated in hypoxia (four hours) (bars show the standard deviation of triplicates).

View larger version (19K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 5. Comparison of a Western blot versus the ELISA for detection of HIF-1 protein. (A.U. = arbitrary units).

View larger version (17K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 6. Screening for the HIF-1 protein level in 13 cell lines incubated for four hours under normoxic or hypoxic conditions (50 µg of total cell extract protein; bars show the standard deviation of duplicates). The plotted line indicates the limit of sensitivity of the method.

The ELISA developed in the present study allows for in vitro quantitation of the HIF-1 protein. The results highlight marked intrinsic differences between cell lines regarding their ability to produce HIF-1 under hypoxic conditions. These differences concord with the complex regulation of HIF-1 (9-10, 20) and suggest that a part of the great intersubject variability in tumor HIF-1 expression may be related to variable intrinsic capacities of the type of tumor to regulate HIF-1 levels.

Certain in vitro studies may necessitate quantification of HIF-1 expression, for example to evaluate HIF-1 expression under variable hypoxic conditions (2) or to evaluate the level of HIF-1 when targeted by siRNA (26) or by specific inhibitors (14). The screening of known small-molecules as non specific inhibitors of HIF-1 is a first step in inactivating HIF-1. Fundamental and pharmaceutical research into angiogenesis has lead to the development of new molecules that inhibit HIF-1 (7, 15). The presently described assay will be very useful in preclinical studies with new drugs targeting HIF-1 for anticancer therapy.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
Financial support was obtained from the Association pour la Recherche sur le Cancer (ARC) and the Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer (Equipe labellisée, C.B.H., E.B., J.P.).

	FOOTNOTES

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Oncopharmacology Unit Centre, Antoine Lacassagne 33, Avenue de Valombrose, 06189 Nice Cedex 2, France. Phone: 33.(4).92.03.15.53. Fax: 33.(4).93.81.71.31. E-mail: jean-louis.formento{at}nice.fnclcc.fr.

	REFERENCES

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion References

 

1. Bachtiary, B., M. Schindl, R. Pötter, B. Dreier, T. H. Knocke, J. A. Hainfellner, R. Horvat, and P. Birner. 2003. Overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 indicates diminished response to radiotherapy and unfavorable prognosis in patients receiving radical radiotherapy for cervical cancer. Clin. Cancer Res. 9:2234-2240.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2. Berchner-Pfannschmidt, U., Petrat, F., K. Doege, B. Trinidad, P. Freitag, E. Metzen, de H. Groot, and J. Fandrey. 2004. Chelation of cellular calcium modulates hypoxia-inducible gene expression through activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha. J. Biol. Chem. 279:44976-44986.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
3. Birner, P., B. Gatterbauer, G. Oberhuber, M. Schindl, K. Rossler, A. Prodinger, H. Budka, and J. A. Hainfellner. 2002. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha in oligodendrogliomas: its impact on prognosis and on neoangiogenesis. Cancer 92:165-171.
4. Bos, R., van der P. Groep, A. E. Greijer, A. Shvarts, S. Meijer, H. M. Pinedo, G. L. Semenza, P. J. van Diest, and E. van der Wall. 2003. Levels of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha independently predict prognosis in patients with lymph node negative breast carcinoma. Cancer 97:1573-1581.[CrossRef][Medline]
5. Brizel, D. M., S. P. Scully, J. M. Harrelson, L. J. Layfield, J. M. Bean, L. R. Prosnitz, and M. W. Dewhirst. 1996. Tumor oxygenation predicts for the likelihood of distant metastases in human soft tissue sarcoma. Cancer Res. 56:941-943.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
6. Du, Z., C. Fujiyama, Y. Chen, and Z. Masaki. 2003. Expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha in human normal, benign and malignant prostatic tissue. Chin. Med. J. (Engl.) 116:1936-1939.
7. Giaccia, A., B. G. Siim, and R. S. Johnson. 2003. HIF-1 as a target for drug development. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov. 2:803-811.[CrossRef][Medline]
8. Giatromanolaki, A., M. I. Koukourakis, E. Sivridis, H. Turley, K. Talks, F. Pezzella, K. C. Gatter, and A. L. Harris. 2001. Relation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha and 2 alpha in operable non-small cell lung cancer to angiogenic / molecular profile of tumours and survival. Br. J. Cancer 85:881-890.[CrossRef][Medline]
9. Hon, W. C., M. I. Wilson, K. Harlos, T. D. Claridge, C. J. Schofield, C. W. Pugh, P. H. Maxwell, P. J. Ratcliffe, D. I. Stuart, and E. Y. Jones. 2002. Structural basis for the recognition of hydroxyproline in HIF-1 by pVHL. Nature 417:975-980.[CrossRef][Medline]
10. Jeong, J. W., M. K. Bae, M. Y. Ahn, S. H. Kim, T. K. Sohn, M. H. Bae, M. A. Yoo, E. J. Song, K. J. Lee, and K. W. Kim. 2002. Regulation and destabilization of HIF-1 alpha by ARD1-mediated acetylation. Cell 111:709-720.[CrossRef][Medline]
11. Koukourakis, M. I., A. Giatromanolaki, J. Skarlatos, L. Corti, S. Blandamura, M. Piazza, K. C. Gatter, and A. L. Harris. 2001. Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1a and HIF-2a) expression in early esophageal cancer and response to photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy. Cancer Res. 61:1830-1832.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
12. Le, Q. T., and A. J. Giaccia. 2003. HIF-alpha, a gender independent transcription factor. Clin. Cancer Res. 9:2391-2393.[Free Full Text]
13. Palayoor, S. T., M. A. Burgos, A. Shoaibi, P. J. Tofilon, and C. N. Coleman. 2004. Effect of radiation and ibuprofen on normoxic renal carcinoma cells overexpressing hypoxia-inducible factors by loss of von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor gene fonction. Clin. Cancer Res. 10:4158-4164.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
14. Paul, S. A., J. W. Simons, and N. J. Mabjeesh. 2004. HIF at the crossroads between ischemia and carcinogenesis. J. Cell. Physiol. 200:20-30.[CrossRef][Medline]
15. Powis, G., and L. Kirkpatrick. 2004. Hypoxia inducible factor-1 alpha as a cancer drug target. Mol. Cancer Ther. 3:647-654.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
16. Quintero, M., N. Mackenzie, and P. A. Brennan. 2004. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1(HIF-1) in cancer. Eur. J. Surg. Oncol. 30:465-468.[CrossRef][Medline]
17. Richard, D. E., E. Berra, E. Gothie, D. Roux, and J. Pouyssegur. 1999. p42/p44 mitogen-activated protein kinases phosphorylate hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1 alpha) and enhance the transcriptional activity of HIF-1. J. Biol. Chem. 274:32631-32637.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18. Semenza, G. L.. 1999. Regulation of mammalian O₂ homeostasis by hypoxia-inducible factor 1. Annu. Rev. Cell. Dev. Biol. 15:551-578.[CrossRef][Medline]
19. Semenza, G. L.. 2003. Targeting HIF-1 for cancer therapy. Nat. Rev. Cancer 3:721-732.[CrossRef][Medline]
20. Sutter, C. H., E. Laughner, and G. Semenza. 2000. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 protein expression is controlled by oxygen-regulated ubiquitination that is disrupted by deletions and missense mutations. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:4748-4753.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
21. Trash-Bingham, C. A., and K. D. Tartof. 1999. aHIF: a natural antisense transcript overexpressed in human renal cancer and during hypoxia. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 91:143-151.
22. Ugurel, S., G. Rappl, W. Tilgen, and U. Reinhold. 2001. Increased serum concentrations of angiogenic factors in malignant melanoma patients correlates with tumor progression and survival. J. Clin. Oncol. 19:577-583.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
23. Wang, G. L., B. H. Jiang, E. A. Rue, and G. L. Semenza. 1995. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 is a basic-helix-loop-helix-PAS heterodimer regulated by O₂ tension. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92:5510-5514.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
24. Welsh, S. J., and G. Powis. 2003. Hypoxia inducible factor as a cancer drug target. Curr. Cancer Drug Targets 3:391-405.[CrossRef][Medline]
25. Yeo, E. J., Y. S. Chun and J. W. Park. 2004. New anticancer strategies targeting HIF-1. Biochem. Pharmacol. 68:1061-1069.[CrossRef][Medline]
26. Zhang, Q., Z. F. Zhang, J. Y. Rao, J. D. Sato, J. Brown, D. V. Messadi, and A. D. Le. 2004. Treatment with siRNA and antisense oligonucleotides targeted to HIF-1 alpha induced apoptosis in human tongue squamous cell carcinomas. Int. J. Cancer 111:849-857.[CrossRef][Medline]

This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Formento, J. L. Articles by Milano, G. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Formento, J. L. Articles by Milano, G.