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Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, September 2003, p. 934-939, Vol. 10, No. 5
1071-412X/03/$08.00+0     DOI: 10.1128/CDLI.10.5.934-939.2003
Copyright © 2003, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Detection of Antiendothelial Cell Antibodies by an Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Using Antigens from Cell Lysate: Minimal Interference with Antinuclear Antibodies and Rheumatoid Factors

Laboratoire d'Immunologie,¹ Clinique de Rhumatologie,⁴ Département Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine,⁵ CHU Grenoble, and Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble,² Laboratoire d'Immunologie, CHU Brest, Brest, France³

Received 10 March 2003/ Returned for modification 15 April 2003/ Accepted 23 June 2003

	ABSTRACT

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The objective of the present work was to set up a routine test adapted to screening for antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECAs) in serum samples with minimal interference from antinuclear antibodies (ANAs) or rheumatoid factors (RFs). We compared the titers of AECAs titrated following two enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs): (i) an ELISA with ethanol-fixed EA.hy926 monolayers as the antigenic substrate and (ii) an ELISA with nucleus-depleted lysates prepared from EA.hy926 cells and normalized for protein (1.0 to 1.7 mg/ml) and DNA (0.1 µg/ml) contents as a surrogate substrate (postnuclear supernatant ELISA [PNS-ELISA]). The AECA titers in 51 serum samples, including 28 samples containing ANAs, were compared. A significantly positive correlation (r = 0.77; P < 0.001) between the two series was shown only for the ANA-negative serum samples. Conversely, ANAs or RFs in samples were shown not to interfere in tests for AECAs by the PNS-ELISA. AECAs recognize their antigenic targets in postnuclear supernatants, which is representative of the endothelial antigenic content, with improvement of the reliability of the assay, a prerequisite to application of the assay for their evaluation in clinical practice.

	INTRODUCTION

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Antiendothelial cell antibodies (AECAs), a heterogeneous group of autoantibodies, are associated with several diseases characterized by immune-mediated vascular damage (for reviews, see references 2 and 13), including systemic lupus erythematosus (19), systemic sclerosis (17), Wegener's granulomatosis (6), and rheumatoid arthritis complicated by vasculitis (7). Even if they recognize poorly characterized targets, they may be valuable as markers of disease activity, with a possible role in the pathophysiology of associated diseases, especially by inducing endothelial cell activation or apoptosis (2, 3, 12, 23). The presence of AECAs in the sera of some groups of patients may be an important etiopathogenic factor in the vasculopathies associated with the disorders mentioned above and classified as proposed by Praprotnik et al. (14). The association of AECAs with endothelial injury in the course of these diseases prompted us to develop assays for these antibodies in clinical practice, which in some cases requires histopathological examination of affected organs for confirmation.

Most assays usually used for the detection of AECAs involve human umbilical vein endothelial cells or endothelial cell lines seeded in microtiter plates for subsequent testing by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or assays in which AECAs are detected by immunofluorescence. Spurious increases in AECA titers may occur, e.g., due to anti-DNA autoantibodies, depending on an important cross-reactivity against endothelial cells (4); anti-heparan sulfate antibodies (16); or heterophile antibodies to the bovine serum proteins involved in the assay (18). One of the main problems in this field is the lack of agreement on a standardized method for detection of AECAs, with subsequent difficulty with interlaboratory comparisons (13, 24). In addition, in rheumatoid arthritis and Felty's syndrome, rheumatoid factor (RF) has been shown to increase nonspecific immunoglobulin binding to endothelial cells, with subsequent pitfalls in assays with RF-containing sera developed with endothelial cells (15).

In order to minimize these false-positive interferences and to propose a routine simple screening test for the detection of AECAs in patients with autoimmune vascular disorders, we developed a highly reproducible ELISA using a normalized cell lysate preparation. The detection of AECAs by this assay was found to be independent of the presence of antibodies with unrelated specificities, such as antinuclear antibodies (ANAs), antiactin antibodies, and RFs.

	MATERIALS AND METHODS

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Patient and control samples. Serum samples were collected from patients with various non-organ-specific autoimmune disorders (including connective tissue disease, vasculitis, antiphospholipid syndrome, or viral infection) and were selected because their AECA concentrations covered a wide range, from 0.02 to 1.17 absorbance units (reference value, 0.2 absorbance units), as established by the cyto-ELISA described below. Sera from 40 healthy blood donors matched for age with the patients served as controls. All samples were kept frozen at -80°C until use.

Endothelial cells and preparation of cell lysates. The human endothelial hybrid cell line EA.hy926 (a kind gift from C.-J. S. Edgell, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill), obtained by fusing human umbilical vein endothelial cells with the human lung carcinoma cell line A549, was cultured in fetal calf serum (FCS) medium (Dulbecco modified Eagle medium supplemented with 2 mM glutamine, 1 mM pyruvate, 50 ml of hypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine per liter, and 10% [vol/vol] heat-inactivated FCS) at 37°C in a 5% CO₂ atmosphere. Immediately after the cells in the cultures had reached confluence, the cells were detached by using a mixture of 0.25% (wt/vol) trypsin in 0.7 mM EDTA-150 mM NaCl and were washed once in FCS medium. All culture reagents were from Gibco (Cergy-Pontoise, France). The nonadherent EL-4 cells (a kind gift from J. L. Maryanski, Lausanne, Switzerland) were cultured in the same FCS medium.

The postnuclear supernatant (PNS) from cell lysates to be used as a source of autoantigens and to be developed in an ELISA was prepared as follows. The confluent cell monolayer was placed in a 25-cm² flask (Falcon), washed three times with cold phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; pH 7.4) buffer, and submitted to lysis for 15 min on ice after the addition of 1 ml of cold lysis buffer (0.5% [wt/vol] Nonidet P-40, 0.1 M KCl, 0.01 M EDTA, 1 µM leupeptin, 1 µM pepstatin, 1 mM phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, 0.05 M Tris-HCl [pH 7.4]). The crude lysate was centrifuged in 1.5-ml Eppendorf tubes at 12,000 x g for 30 min at +4°C. The subsequent PNS was assayed for its protein content (MicroBCA; Pierce-Interchim, Montluçon, France) and DNA content (21). More than 1 mg of protein per ml was titrated from the PNS, and the PNS antigen preparation was thus suitable for use in the PNS-ELISA. It was stored at -80°C until use. All chemicals were of analytical grade.

ELISAs for AECAs. Two assays were compared for the measurement of AECA titers: an already established cyto-ELISA, in which fixed endothelial cell monolayers constituted the target for antibodies, and a PNS-ELISA, developed with a normalized antigen preparation as a constant source of antigen. In both assays, the mean + 3 standard deviations (SDs) for 72 serum samples from healthy individuals was taken as the cutoff point of the test.

Ethanol-fixed EA.hy926 cells were used in the cyto-ELISA, as described previously (18). Briefly, EA.hy926 cells were plated (10⁴ cells/well in FCS medium) in flat-bottom microtiter plates (Nunc, Kamstrup, Denmark). Confluent cell layers were washed with PBS buffer and fixed with 100 µl of absolute ethanol for 5 min at 4°C. After three washings in PBS buffer, the plates were blocked with PBS buffer containing 1% (wt/vol) bovine serum albumin and were then successively exposed to 100 µl of patient serum (diluted 1:100 in the same buffer) and to peroxidase-conjugated rabbit F(ab')₂ anti-human immunoglobulin G (IgG), IgM (diluted 1:4,000), and IgA (diluted 1:2,000) antibodies (Dako, Trappes France), followed by incubation with 0.2 g of o-phenylenediamine per liter, 0.5 ml of H₂O₂ per liter, and 0.05 M sodium phosphate (pH 5.0). For each serum sample, the mean absorbance at 492 nm (A₄₉₂) for blank wells was subtracted from the mean values for the wells with EA.hy926 cells to account for nonspecific binding. Data were expressed in absorbance units (A₄₉₂ for sample wells - A₄₉₂ for negative control wells).

The PNS-ELISA was performed as follows. Each well of half of the microtiter plates (MaxiSorp; Nunc) was coated overnight at +4°C with 200 µl of the 10-µg/ml (protein content) PNS antigen preparation diluted in 0.1 M NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃ (pH 9.6) (antigen-coated wells), and each well of the other half of the plate was coated with 200 µl of buffer without antigen (blank wells). The plates were washed two times with the washing buffer (0.1% [wt/vol] Tween 20 in PBS buffer) and were exposed to the saturation buffer (1% [wt/vol] bovine serum albumin in washing buffer) for 60 min at room temperature. The serum samples were diluted 1:100 in the saturation buffer supplemented with 5 µg of PNS prepared from EL-4 cells per ml to prevent nonspecific binding and were preincubated for 15 min at room temperature. A total of 100 µl of each sample dilution was distributed in duplicate into antigen-coated and blank wells and incubated at 60 min at 30°C. Furthermore, we incorporated into each series a 1:100 dilution of a positive serum sample as a positive reference and a 1:100 dilution of a serum sample from a healthy donor as a negative control. After the plates were washed, 100 µl of peroxidase-conjugated goat F(ab')₂ anti-human IgG, IgA, and IgM (Cappel-Organon, Fresnes, France) diluted 1:12,000 in saturation buffer was added to each well; and the plates were incubated for 30 min at 30°C. After the plates were washed, 100 µl of ready-to-use tetramethylbenzidine substrate (Sigma, Chesnes, France) was added to each well and the plate was incubated for 15 min at 30°C. The reaction was stopped with 50 µl of 1 N H₂SO₄, and the A₄₅₀ was measured. The mean A₄₅₀ for blank wells was subtracted from the mean A₄₅₀ for the antigen-coated wells to account for nonspecific binding.

Other autoantibodies. ANAs and antiactin antibodies were detected and quantified by titration on HEp-2 cells (reference titer, 80; Euroimmun-BioAdvance, Emerainville, France), and extractable nuclear antigens (ENA) specificities were established by both ELISA (Euroimmun-BioAdvance or Pharmacia, St. Quentin-Yvelines, France) and dot blotting (Inolia-Ingen, Rungis, France). Anti-double-stranded DNA (anti-dsDNA) antibodies were titrated by ELISA (The Binding Site, Saint Egrève, France). Anti-human IgG RFs (IgM isotype; reference titer, 30) were measured as described by Gioud-Paquet et al. (5) by using an international standard (Bio-Rad Clinical Diagnostics, Marnes la Coquette, France).

Adsorption of AECA and ANA activities. A total of 200 µl of serum (diluted 1:100 in saturation buffer) was incubated for 15 min on ice with either ethanol-fixed EA.hy926 cells (confluent cell layers were prepared as described above), 5 µg of bovine serum albumin, or 2 µg of PNS antigen. These incubations were repeated four times, and then the A₄₅₀s were measured for determination of the AECA (PNS-ELISA) and anti-DNA antibody titers.

Statistical analysis. We used conventional descriptive statistics to assess parameters of interassay variation and calculated Spearman's sampling correlation coefficient to compare two groups of quantitative data. When series of data from two assays were compared, they were considered positively correlated when rho (r) values were above 0.3 and strongly correlated when r values were above 0.7. P values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

	RESULTS

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Characterization of PNS preparations. In order to develop a routine test for the detection of AECAs, we considered it to be of importance that the endothelial cell preparation involved as antigen in the assay be representative of the steady-state antigenic content of endothelial cells for all antigens except the nuclear and cytoskeletal antigens. This was achieved by a short incubation of EA.hy926 cells in the presence of mild detergent, keeping the integrity of the nuclei, according to technical recommendations for experimental development in cell biology (11). The nuclei and cytoskeletons were discarded in the pellets, and PNS was harvested as described in Material and Methods, which ensured that the antigen-normalized solution had protein concentrations ranging from 1.0 to 1.7 mg/ml and DNA concentrations less than 0.1 µg/ml.

Dose-response curves, cutoff assignment, and inter- and intra-assay variations. The PNS prepared as described above was distributed in flat-bottom wells of microtiter plates in order to perform the PNS-ELISA, as described above in Material and Methods. To establish the working dilution of the serum samples, the dose-response curve for a positive control sample found to be positive by the cyto-ELISA, as described previously (18), exhibited a dose-dependent response in the PNS-ELISA, reaching a maximum A₄₅₀ of 0.945 ± 0.035. A serum sample from a healthy donor found to be negative, as described above, had an A₄₅₀ of 0.215 ± 0.018; the values for the blank wells for these positive and negative controls were 0.235 and 0.185, respectively. A representative example of the titration curves for the positive serum sample and the negative control serum sample from a healthy individual are shown in Fig. 1. The 1:100 dilution was used as the working dilution for all subsequent assays.

View larger version (21K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 1. Dose-response curves for AECA-positive and -negative control sera. AECA titers were determined by the PNS-ELISA, as described in Materials and Methods.

The interassay variation was determined by calculating parameters for the descriptive statistics for the samples. Twenty serum samples were tested on different days, with AECA titers being above the reference value (medium to high titers) for 11 samples and below the reference value (low titers) for 9 samples. The corresponding coefficients of variation were from 1.1 to 18.9% for samples with medium to high AECA titers and from 8.2 to 22.6% for samples with low AECA titers (Table 1). The intra-assay variation was similarly determined with nine samples (four with medium to high titers and five with low titers), with coefficients of variation from 2.9 to 5.4% for samples with medium to high AECA titers and 3.2 to 8.9% for samples with low titers (data not shown).

View larger version (13K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 2. Correlation between cyto-ELISA and PNS-ELISA. AECA titers in 51 serum samples containing () or not containing () ANAs at significant titers (titers, 160; reference titer, 80) were assayed. The ELISAs were performed with fixed EA.hy926 cell monolayers (cyto-ELISA, horizontal axis; reference value, 0.2 absorbance [A] unit) and a PNS antigen preparation (PNS-ELISA, vertical axis; reference value, 100). According to Spearman's rank test for comparison of the two series of data, r values were 0.33 (P < 0.02) for all data and 0.77 (P < 0.001) for data obtained from samples negative for ANAs (open diamonds).

We next analyzed data for 50 serum samples with ranges of AECA titers (evaluated by PNS-ELISA) and ANA titers. We observed a nonsignificant r value of 0.13 between the AECA and the ANA titers (P = 0.38) (Table 2), indicating the absence of a correlation between the AECA (PNS-ELISA) and ANA titers.

View larger version (15K): [in this window] [in a new window]   FIG. 3. Absorption of AECA and ANA activities from a patient serum sample by fixed EA.hy926 cells and PNS antigens. A sample from patient 47 (Table 2) diluted 1:100 was submitted to zero to four repeated incubations in the presence of fixed EA.hy926 cells (A), PNS antigen (B), and bovine serum albumin as a control (open symbols in both panels). The ELISAs were performed with PNS antigen (squares) and dsDNA (triangles).

Antiactin-positive sera scored negative for AECAs, suggesting that antiactin antibodies do not interfere in the test (data not shown).

	DISCUSSION

Top Abstract Introduction Materials and Methods Results Discussion References

 
A number of methods have been developed for the detection of AECAs, including indirect immunofluorescence, radioimmunoassay, Western blotting, assays with cell membranes, and cyto-ELISA. The cell substrates have included endothelial cells derived from different origins, namely, arteries, saphenous or umbilical veins, and endothelial cell lines.

It became important to overcome variations in differences in the tests owing to differences in the endothelial cells (donor variability or cell number), with subsequent high coefficients of variation between the assays. This prompted us to develop an alternative to the cyto-ELISA with an antigenic target of AECAs in a technique that can be used for routine testing after normalization of the antigenic preparation for protein and DNA contents. The advantage of the present ELISA is the fact that the PNS antigen from EA.hy926 cells is a constant and easily accessible source of antigen. Comparison of the results obtained by the two ELISAs, the cyto-ELISA and the PNS-ELISA, shows that they have a good correlation when ANA-negative sera are used, as assessed by Spearman's sampling correlation coefficient. This is in contradiction to the data reported by Heurkens et al. (8), who used sonicates from cell membranes prepared after scraping of culture monolayers. In that assay the poor correlation observed between the cyto-ELISA and the cell membrane ELISA was assumed to be due to the loss or denaturation of surface antigens. The surrogate preparation used in the present study is representative of the endothelial cell content, including already observed antigenic targets of AECAs expressed as membrane-associated proteins at steady state, as demonstrated by adsorption experiments (8), or expressed within the cytoplasms of endothelial cells (6). Recent experiments attempted to characterize the antigenic targets of AECA in relation to one disease or another; it was concluded that the targets were a mosaic of constitutive antigenic determinants (for a review, see reference 14), for example, the cytoskeletal proteins tubulin and vimentin and the membrane-associated protease collagenase identified by immunobloting (22), CD36 and a 50-kDa keratin-like protein identified after immunoscreening of a serum sample with a cDNA expression library (1), and an unidentified 70-kDa structure isolated after immunoprecipitation of iodinated membrane protein targets (9). Therefore, it was of importance to consider the PNS as a whole antigenic target and, consequently, to prevent during its preparation the loss of any cell proteins or protein associations by the addition of protease inhibitors in the lysis buffer and by the use of a low temperature during each preparation step.

When we used the cyto-ELISA with fixed endothelial cells, we incidentally noticed high-positive ELISA responses with ANA-positive sera, suggesting that the antibody detected could be related to nuclear antigens and, hence, nonspecific for endothelial cells. This is of particular interest when samples from patients with systemic sclerosis or lupus erythematosus are assayed for AECAs. Indeed, in patients with such systemic disorders, ANAs are frequently found at high titers and AECAs may contribute or may be associated with the pathogenesis and the activity of the disease (3, 10, 20). The experimental procedure that we retained to circumvent the problem of false-positive results due to ANAs and to properly detect associated genuine AECAs was to discard the nucleus from the PNS antigen preparation. The number of samples which were positive for both AECAs and ANAs was subsequently reduced (Fig. 2), and AECA and ANA titers did not correlate (Table 2). To rule out possible nonspecific reactivity because of intracellular lectins or anticytoplasm antibodies, prior to the ELISA the sample was absorbed in diluent containing PNS prepared from EL4 cells. Moreover, the test result was found to be independent of the presence of RF in the sample, a frequent origin of false-positive results by assays for autoantibodies.

The frequency of detection of AECAs depends on the method developed for their detection. One of the main problems in this field is the lack of agreement on a standardized antigen, with subsequent difficulty with interlaboratory comparisons. The preparation of a PNS from the EA.hy926 cell line normalized for protein and DNA contents could allow better interlaboratory agreement in the measurement of AECA titers by ELISA and allow the data obtained for the same sera processed by different assays to be compared, as recommended by Youinou et al. (24). In addition, this could contribute to a reduction in the important discrepancies in associations between AECA titers and clinical conditions ascribed to antigen variability (13, 2, 9). Better knowledge of the prevalence of AECAs in various autoimmune diseases and improved interpretation of the data could take advantage of this standardization of the endothelial cell antigen and its subsequent use in a routine ELISA.

	ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 
This work was supported by grant 1452 from the Délégation Régionale à la Recherche Clinique 1999.

We are indebted to G. Dubos, C. Pison, J.-P. Zarski, and J.-P. Brion (Grenoble, France) for providing us with serum samples and to J.-Y. Cesbron for continuous encouragement.

	FOOTNOTES

 
* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Hôpital Sud, CHU Grenoble, BP185, F-38042 Grenoble Cedex, France. Phone: 33 4 76 76 54 16. Fax: 33 4 76 76 52 66. E-mail: Christian.Drouet{at}ujf-grenoble.fr.

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This Article Abstract Full Text (PDF) Alert me when this article is cited Alert me if a correction is posted Services Similar articles in this journal Similar articles in PubMed Alert me to new issues of the journal Download to citation manager Reprints and Permissions Copyright Information Books from ASM Press MicrobeWorld Citing Articles Citing Articles via Google Scholar Google Scholar Articles by Drouet, C. Articles by Sarrot-Reynauld, F. Search for Related Content PubMed PubMed Citation Articles by Drouet, C. Articles by Sarrot-Reynauld, F.